Algorithm Specification | ![]() |
The optical water type classification (OWT) tool is an adaptation of a spectral based optical pre-classification scheme (Moore et al., 2001) that calculates clusters from in-situ spectra. These spectra have been collected by different users from all over the world (University of New Hampshire and NASA's SeaBass in USA and CEDEX in Spain) and by partners and advisors of the EU- GLaSS and the ESA DUE CoastColour projects. The tool assigns the water type class that corresponds to the best match between the remotely sensed and the in situ spectrum. Moore et al. (2001, 2014) designed a fuzzy logic spectral classification scheme that was adapted for coastal waters and lakes. In situ hyperspectral data were used to characterize optically distinct water classes a priori. The aggregated data come from multiple sources and covers a wide range of concentrations, also for colour dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and suspended sediments (SPM).
In the following table the spectra of the different types are listed. Currently there are 5 methods that lead to 5 different OWT classifications. The spectra represent the reflectance means of the clusters to be used for the classification. As an example the GLASS_6C type is explained here in more detail. The GLASS_6C class 1 is representative of clear water slightly affected by chlorophyll pigments (peak in around band 550 nm). Chlorophyll dominated waters with increase in the pigment concentration are represented by class 1, class 3 and class 4. Classes 5 and 6 transition to bright sediment dominated waters. Class 2 waters are relatively dark in the whole spectrum and occur in peatlands with high humic (CDOM) absorption.
COASTAL | |
This type should be primarily used, as the name suggests, in
coastal areas. It contains a classification with a maximum of 16
classes and represents a wide range of coastal water conditions.
These conditions are not unique to any particular region. The
clusters are representations of averaged conditions governed by the
optical properties of the water column. The last 8 classes are
combined into one during the processing, therefore the result has
only 9 different classes. |
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INLAND | |
This type is intended for the use with rivers and lakes, but it
also contains in situ coastal data as input. The maximum number of
clusters is 7. The clusters are not unique to any particular lake,
region, or a result of differences between freshwater and marine
waters. Marine and freshwater stations can be found in the same
clusters. The OWTs show a pattern of increasing absorption in the
blue/green for low red/NIR features (classes 1 through 3), followed
by increasing peak magnitude at 555 nm (classes 4 through 7). OWTs
1 through 5 show increasing chlorophyll-a concentrations, while
OWTs 6 and 7 have lower mean chlorophyll-a values. |
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GLASS_5C | |
This type is intended for the use with lakes and was developed
in the frame of the EU-GLaSS project. The in situ reflectance used
to train the fuzzy classifier come exclusively from lake waters,
which marks the distance with the INLAND option. The water
composition of the lakes has a higher mix and includes many CDOM
samples from Finnish lakes. Only 5 clusters are considered as the
optimal number of classes. The classes are sorted purely on remote
sensing reflectance distribution and are representations of optical
conditions governed by the total absorption and scattering
properties (IOPs). The wavelength dependency gives clues for the
interpretation: from chlorophyll_a absorbing dominant waters to
higher turbid waters due to the increase in the sediment
load. |
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GLASS_6C | |
This type is intended for the use with lakes and was developed
in the frame of the EU-GLaSS project. The in situ reflectance used
to train the fuzzy classifier come exclusively from lake waters,
which marks the distance with the INLAND option. The water
composition of the lakes has a higher mix and includes many CDOM
samples from Finnish lakes. Here 6 clusters are considered as the
optimal number of classes. The classes are sorted purely on remote
sensing reflectance distribution and are representations of optical
conditions governed by the total absorption and scattering
properties (IOPs). The wavelength dependency gives clues for the
interpretation: from chlorophyll_a absorbing dominant waters to
higher turbid waters due to the increase in the sediment
load. |
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GLASS_6C_NORMALISED | |
This type is intended for the use with lakes and was developed
in the frame of the EU-GLaSS project. Thein situ reflectance used
to train the fuzzy classifier come exclusively from lake waters,
which marks the distance with the INLAND option. The water
composition of the lakes has a higher mix and includes many CDOM
samples from Finnish lakes. Here 6 clusters are considered as the
optimal number of classes. The classes are sorted purely on remote
sensing reflectance distribution and are representations of optical
conditions governed by the total absorption and scattering
properties (IOPs). The wavelength dependency gives clues for the
interpretation: from chlorophyll_a absorbing dominant waters to
higher turbid waters due to the increase in the sediment load. The
normalised classification shows different results than the 6C
because the reflectance values were normalised integrating the area
under the curve. This removes magnitude effects and focuses more on
the spectral shape. |
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An Optical Classification Tool for Global Lake
Waters
M. A. Eleveld, A. B. Ruescas , A. Hommersom , S. W. M. Peters and
C. Brockmann
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/5/420
A fuzzy logic classification scheme for selecting and blending
ocean color algorithms
Moore, T. S., Campbell J. W., Feng, H. (2001)
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing 39(8): 1764-1776
An optical water type framework for selecting and blending
retrievals from bio-optical algorithms in lakes and coastal
waters
Moore, T. S., Dowell, M. D., Bradt, S., Ruiz Verdu, A.
(2014)
Remote Sensing of Environment
GLaSS Deliverable 3.3 2014 - Optical pre-classification
method
Marieke A. Eleveld, Ana Ruescas, Annelies Hommersom (VU/VUmc, BC,
WI)
https://step.esa.int/docs/extra/GLaSS-D3.3.pdf